What synthesizers did Ministry use?

Ministry's sound is deeply rooted in synthesizers and samplers, with Al Jourgensen employing a diverse range of gear throughout the band's career. In their early, synth-pop-focused era, Ministry used instruments like the Sequential Circuits Pro-One for sequenced bass lines, a Moog Source for synth bass and lead sounds, and a Roland RS-202 for string sounds. As they transitioned to a more industrial and aggressive sound, the Fairlight CMI IIx became a pivotal tool, though Jourgensen has noted its limitation of a 1.6-second sampling time. This was a key element in the raw, lo-fi sampling that defined albums like Twitch and the early Revolting Cocks material. Other significant synths from this period included the Roland Juno-60 and Roland Jupiter-8. The Sequential Circuits Prophet 5 was also used for string sounds on some early Ministry albums. Beyond these, Jourgensen and collaborators also utilized the Ensoniq ESQ-1 and the Kurzweil K2000. The band's sonic palette has always been more about the creative manipulation of these machines than a fixed rig, often combining synths with drum machines like the Alesis HR-16 and Kawai R100, and later incorporating more guitar-driven sounds. Today, much of their live and studio work relies on modern software and digital solutions, but the legacy of their vintage analog and digital hardware remains central to their influential sound.